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Ramos García, J. M. ., & Ramos Valencia, J. E. . (2025). Migration Dynamics and Humanitarian Governance: A Comprehensive Analysis of the U.S.-Mexico Border Crisis. Razón Crítica, (18). https://doi.org/10.21789/25007807.2144
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Resumen
This article investigates the complex dynamics of migration and humanitarian governance at the U.S.-Mexico border, specifically at the northern Mexican cities of Tijuana, Nogales, Ciudad Juárez, and Piedras Negras. The study presents detailed data from the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (USCBP), which include 6.83 million encounters with irregular migrants from January 2021 to October 2023. The article highlights the influence of recent U.S. migration policies, particularly under President Biden’s administration, and the challenges faced by the American government in managing the surge in migration flows. Additionally, it analyses the critical role of civil society organizations, the limitations of shelters, and the need for coordinated efforts among governments, NGOs, and international agencies. By analyzing the obstacles related to humanitarian governance, including security concerns, limited resources, and cross-border cooperation, the study contributes to the broader discussion on migration, advocating for a balanced, humane approach that integrates human rights and security measures in border management strategies.
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Ambrosini, M. (2022). Humanitarian help and refugees: De-bordering solidarity as a contentious issue. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2022.2059823
Barrachina Lisón, C., Ramos Garcia, J. M. & Ramos Valencia, J. E. (2023). Seguridad, Migración y Políticas de Control de Inmigración en los Estados Unidos, 2018-2022. Norteamérica. Revista Académica Del CISAN-UNAM, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2023.2.613
Betts, A. (Ed.) (2011). Global migration governance. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.001.0001
Betts, A., Bloom, L., Kaplan, J. D., & Omata, N. (2017). Refugee economies: Forced displacement and development. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795681.001.0001
Bustamante, J. A. (1972). The “wetback” as deviant: An application of labeling theory. American Journal of Sociology, 77(4), 706-718. https://doi.org/10.1086/225196
Castillo, G. & González, J. (2023). Capítulo 1. Las fronteras como territorios de contención migratoria y violencia hacia las poblaciones irregularizadas. In Castillo, G. & Trujillo, M. (Coords). Procesos migratorios y dinámicas de exclusión en la frontera México-Estados Unidos en contextos de pandemia (2020-2022). Instituto de Geografía UNAM.
Collyer, M. (2019). From preventive to repressive: The changing use of development and humanitarianism to control migration. In Mitchell, K. Jones, R. & Fluri J. L. (Eds.), Handbook on Critical Geographies of Migration, (pp. 170-181). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786436030.00022
Cota, J. E. M. (2022). Non-Governmental Organizations, Multilevel Governance and Social Services Provision to Migrants in the Tijuana-San Diego Region. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2022.2039831
Del Monte Madrigal, J. A. (2023). Capítulo 4. Alterificación y desagenciamiento de migrantes: representaciones noticiosas durante la pandemia sobre el campamento El Chaparral en la frontera de Tijuana. In Castillo Ramírez, G. & Trujillo Macario, M. (Coords). Procesos migratorios y dinámicas de exclusión en la frontera México-Estados Unidos en contextos de pandemia (2020-2022). Instituto de Geografía UNAM.
Faret, L., Téllez, M. E. A., & Rodríguez-Tapia, L. H. (2021). Migration management and changes in mobility patterns in the North and Central American Region. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 9(2), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/23315024211008096
FitzGerald, D. S., & Arar, R. (2018). The sociology of refugee migration. Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041204
Garrett, T. M. (2023). Border securocracy: Global expansion of the US Department of Homeland Security bureaucratic apparatus before, during and beyond COVID-19. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 45(3), 230-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2022.2112454
Geddes, A., Espinoza, M. V., Abdou, L. H., & Brumat, L. (Eds.). (2019). The dynamics of regional migration governance. Edward Elgar Publishing, London. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119948
Gil-Everaert, I., Masferrer, C., & Chávez, O. R. (2023). Concurrent Displacements: Return, Waiting for Asylum, and Internal Displacement in Northern Mexico. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 11(1), 125-148. https://doi.org/10.1177/23315024231158559
Gramlich, J. (2024). Migrant encounters at U.S.-Mexico border have fallen sharply in 2024. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/10/01/migrant-encounters-at-u-s-mexico-border-have-fallen-sharply-in-2024/
Irwing, R. (2023). Capítulo 3. Desde las caravanas hasta el Título 42: visibilizaciones, fronteras y superficies. In Castillo, G. & Trujillo, M. (Coords). Procesos migratorios y dinámicas de exclusión en la frontera México-Estados Unidos en contextos de pandemia (2020-2022). Instituto de Geografía UNAM.
Izcara-Palacios, S. (2017). Smugglers who cheat migrants: rule or exception. Convergencia, 24(74), 13-38. https://doi.org/10.29101/crcs.v0i74.4380
Kainz, L., & Betts, A. (2021). Power and proliferation: Explaining the fragmentation of global migration governance. Migration Studies, 9(1), 65-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa015
Kaczmarek, A. (2018). The Right to Life Denied: The Culture of Violence along the Us-Mexican Border. Studia Anglica Resoviensia 15(1). https://doi.org/10.15584/sar.2018.15.1.4
Massey, D. S. (1987). Understanding Mexican migration to the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 92(6), 1372-1403. https://doi.org/10.1086/228669
Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Graeme, H., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (2000). Theories of international migration: A review and evaluation. Migration and Labor Markets, 2(3), 5.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (2023, October 22). Mensaje a medios de comunicación en el marco del Encuentro de Palenque “Por una Vecindad Fraterna y con Bienestar”. https://www.gob.mx/sre/documentos/mensaje-a-medios-de-comunicacion-en-el-marco-del-encuentro-de-palenque-por-una-vecindad-fraterna-y-con-bienestar
Moore, M. (2011). Strategic management and value creation in the public sector. Paidos.
Morales, M. J. (2023). Politización de la migración irregularizada en tránsito por México. Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos de la Comunicación, 23(45), 1-23.
Navarrete-Suárez, J. (2024). Migración latinoamericana en México: cambios y continuidades en la incorporación laboral. Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos, 39(2), 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v39i2.2195
Pincock, K., Betts, A., & Easton-Calabria, E. (2021). The rhetoric and reality of localisation: Refugee-led organisations in humanitarian governance. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(5), 719-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1802010
Ramos García, J. M., & Barrachina Lisón, C. (2023). Summit of the Americas and the management of the Migration and Development Pact: feasible? Política, Globalidad Y Ciudadanía, 9(18), 45. https://doi.org/10.29105/pgc9.18-3
Rauhut, D., & Laine, J. P. (2023). Crossing the border: Immigrant integration in a bordering perspective. In New Methods and Theory on Immigrant Integration (pp. 68-85). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803929828.00010
San Diego Union Tribune. (2023, September 14). Mexican authorities acknowledge that crime controls migrant crossings at the border. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/bc/articulo/2023-09-14/autoridades-mexicanas-reconocen-que-el-crimen-controla-cruces-de-migrantes-en-la-frontera
Sassen, S. (2007). A sociology of globalization. Political Analysis, 20(61), 3-27.
Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. (2023). Mensaje a medios de comunicación en el marco del Encuentro de Palenque "Por una Vecindad Fraterna y con Bienestar".
Solano, P., & Massey, D. S. (2022). Migrating through the Corridor of Death: The Making of a Complex Humanitarian Crisis. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 10(3), 147-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/23315024221119784
Triandafyllidou, A., & Palumbo, L. (2023). The governance of migrant smuggling and human trafficking: Institutions and networks. In Research handbook on the institutions of global migration governance (pp. 214-226). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.gob.mx/sre/documentos/mensaje-a-medios-de-comunicacion-en-el-marco-del-encuentro-de-palenque-por-una-vecindad-fraterna-y-con-bienestar
Trujillo, M. (2023). Capítulo 2. Ciudades fronterizas del norte de México como dispositivos de contención migratoria de personas migrantes solicitantes de asilo hacia los Estados Unidos. In Castillo, G. & Trujillo, M. (Coords). Procesos migratorios y dinámicas de exclusión en la frontera México-Estados Unidos en contextos de pandemia (2020-2022). Instituto de Geografia UNAM.
U.S. Custom Border Protection [USCBP] (2022, August 12). Southwest Land Border Encounters (By Component). https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-land-border-encounter
U.S. Custom Border Protection [USCBP] (2023a, September 12 and October 21). Southwest Land Border Encounters (By Component). https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-land-border-encounters
U.S. Custom Border Protection [USCBP] (2023b, November 14). Southwest Land Border Encounters (By Component). https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-land-border-encounters
U.S. Department of State (2023, August 3). Fact Sheet: CBP One facilitated more than 170,000 citations in six months and continues to be a secure, orderly, and humane tool for border management. https://www.dhs.gov/news/2023/08/03/fact-sheet-cbp-one-facilitated-over-170000-appointments-six-months-and-continues-be
Vogt, W. A. (2013). Crossing Mexico: Structural violence and the commodification of undocumented Central American migrants. American Ethnologist, 40(4), 764–780. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12053
Washington Office on Latin America (2020). Struggling to survive: Situation of asylum seekers in southern Mexico shows urgent need to prioritize regional protection. https://www.wola.org/es/analisis/luchando-por-sobrevivir-la-situacion-de-las-personas-solicitantes-de-asilo-en-la-frontera-sur-de-mexico-muestra-la-necesidad-urgente-de-priorizar-la-proteccion-en-las-politicas-migratorias-regionales/
Barrachina Lisón, C., Ramos Garcia, J. M. & Ramos Valencia, J. E. (2023). Seguridad, Migración y Políticas de Control de Inmigración en los Estados Unidos, 2018-2022. Norteamérica. Revista Académica Del CISAN-UNAM, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2023.2.613
Betts, A. (Ed.) (2011). Global migration governance. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199600458.001.0001
Betts, A., Bloom, L., Kaplan, J. D., & Omata, N. (2017). Refugee economies: Forced displacement and development. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795681.001.0001
Bustamante, J. A. (1972). The “wetback” as deviant: An application of labeling theory. American Journal of Sociology, 77(4), 706-718. https://doi.org/10.1086/225196
Castillo, G. & González, J. (2023). Capítulo 1. Las fronteras como territorios de contención migratoria y violencia hacia las poblaciones irregularizadas. In Castillo, G. & Trujillo, M. (Coords). Procesos migratorios y dinámicas de exclusión en la frontera México-Estados Unidos en contextos de pandemia (2020-2022). Instituto de Geografía UNAM.
Collyer, M. (2019). From preventive to repressive: The changing use of development and humanitarianism to control migration. In Mitchell, K. Jones, R. & Fluri J. L. (Eds.), Handbook on Critical Geographies of Migration, (pp. 170-181). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786436030.00022
Cota, J. E. M. (2022). Non-Governmental Organizations, Multilevel Governance and Social Services Provision to Migrants in the Tijuana-San Diego Region. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2022.2039831
Del Monte Madrigal, J. A. (2023). Capítulo 4. Alterificación y desagenciamiento de migrantes: representaciones noticiosas durante la pandemia sobre el campamento El Chaparral en la frontera de Tijuana. In Castillo Ramírez, G. & Trujillo Macario, M. (Coords). Procesos migratorios y dinámicas de exclusión en la frontera México-Estados Unidos en contextos de pandemia (2020-2022). Instituto de Geografía UNAM.
Faret, L., Téllez, M. E. A., & Rodríguez-Tapia, L. H. (2021). Migration management and changes in mobility patterns in the North and Central American Region. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 9(2), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/23315024211008096
FitzGerald, D. S., & Arar, R. (2018). The sociology of refugee migration. Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073117-041204
Garrett, T. M. (2023). Border securocracy: Global expansion of the US Department of Homeland Security bureaucratic apparatus before, during and beyond COVID-19. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 45(3), 230-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/10841806.2022.2112454
Geddes, A., Espinoza, M. V., Abdou, L. H., & Brumat, L. (Eds.). (2019). The dynamics of regional migration governance. Edward Elgar Publishing, London. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119948
Gil-Everaert, I., Masferrer, C., & Chávez, O. R. (2023). Concurrent Displacements: Return, Waiting for Asylum, and Internal Displacement in Northern Mexico. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 11(1), 125-148. https://doi.org/10.1177/23315024231158559
Gramlich, J. (2024). Migrant encounters at U.S.-Mexico border have fallen sharply in 2024. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/10/01/migrant-encounters-at-u-s-mexico-border-have-fallen-sharply-in-2024/
Irwing, R. (2023). Capítulo 3. Desde las caravanas hasta el Título 42: visibilizaciones, fronteras y superficies. In Castillo, G. & Trujillo, M. (Coords). Procesos migratorios y dinámicas de exclusión en la frontera México-Estados Unidos en contextos de pandemia (2020-2022). Instituto de Geografía UNAM.
Izcara-Palacios, S. (2017). Smugglers who cheat migrants: rule or exception. Convergencia, 24(74), 13-38. https://doi.org/10.29101/crcs.v0i74.4380
Kainz, L., & Betts, A. (2021). Power and proliferation: Explaining the fragmentation of global migration governance. Migration Studies, 9(1), 65-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa015
Kaczmarek, A. (2018). The Right to Life Denied: The Culture of Violence along the Us-Mexican Border. Studia Anglica Resoviensia 15(1). https://doi.org/10.15584/sar.2018.15.1.4
Massey, D. S. (1987). Understanding Mexican migration to the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 92(6), 1372-1403. https://doi.org/10.1086/228669
Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Graeme, H., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (2000). Theories of international migration: A review and evaluation. Migration and Labor Markets, 2(3), 5.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (2023, October 22). Mensaje a medios de comunicación en el marco del Encuentro de Palenque “Por una Vecindad Fraterna y con Bienestar”. https://www.gob.mx/sre/documentos/mensaje-a-medios-de-comunicacion-en-el-marco-del-encuentro-de-palenque-por-una-vecindad-fraterna-y-con-bienestar
Moore, M. (2011). Strategic management and value creation in the public sector. Paidos.
Morales, M. J. (2023). Politización de la migración irregularizada en tránsito por México. Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos de la Comunicación, 23(45), 1-23.
Navarrete-Suárez, J. (2024). Migración latinoamericana en México: cambios y continuidades en la incorporación laboral. Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos, 39(2), 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v39i2.2195
Pincock, K., Betts, A., & Easton-Calabria, E. (2021). The rhetoric and reality of localisation: Refugee-led organisations in humanitarian governance. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(5), 719-734. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1802010
Ramos García, J. M., & Barrachina Lisón, C. (2023). Summit of the Americas and the management of the Migration and Development Pact: feasible? Política, Globalidad Y Ciudadanía, 9(18), 45. https://doi.org/10.29105/pgc9.18-3
Rauhut, D., & Laine, J. P. (2023). Crossing the border: Immigrant integration in a bordering perspective. In New Methods and Theory on Immigrant Integration (pp. 68-85). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803929828.00010
San Diego Union Tribune. (2023, September 14). Mexican authorities acknowledge that crime controls migrant crossings at the border. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/bc/articulo/2023-09-14/autoridades-mexicanas-reconocen-que-el-crimen-controla-cruces-de-migrantes-en-la-frontera
Sassen, S. (2007). A sociology of globalization. Political Analysis, 20(61), 3-27.
Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. (2023). Mensaje a medios de comunicación en el marco del Encuentro de Palenque "Por una Vecindad Fraterna y con Bienestar".
Solano, P., & Massey, D. S. (2022). Migrating through the Corridor of Death: The Making of a Complex Humanitarian Crisis. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 10(3), 147-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/23315024221119784
Triandafyllidou, A., & Palumbo, L. (2023). The governance of migrant smuggling and human trafficking: Institutions and networks. In Research handbook on the institutions of global migration governance (pp. 214-226). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://www.gob.mx/sre/documentos/mensaje-a-medios-de-comunicacion-en-el-marco-del-encuentro-de-palenque-por-una-vecindad-fraterna-y-con-bienestar
Trujillo, M. (2023). Capítulo 2. Ciudades fronterizas del norte de México como dispositivos de contención migratoria de personas migrantes solicitantes de asilo hacia los Estados Unidos. In Castillo, G. & Trujillo, M. (Coords). Procesos migratorios y dinámicas de exclusión en la frontera México-Estados Unidos en contextos de pandemia (2020-2022). Instituto de Geografia UNAM.
U.S. Custom Border Protection [USCBP] (2022, August 12). Southwest Land Border Encounters (By Component). https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-land-border-encounter
U.S. Custom Border Protection [USCBP] (2023a, September 12 and October 21). Southwest Land Border Encounters (By Component). https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-land-border-encounters
U.S. Custom Border Protection [USCBP] (2023b, November 14). Southwest Land Border Encounters (By Component). https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-land-border-encounters
U.S. Department of State (2023, August 3). Fact Sheet: CBP One facilitated more than 170,000 citations in six months and continues to be a secure, orderly, and humane tool for border management. https://www.dhs.gov/news/2023/08/03/fact-sheet-cbp-one-facilitated-over-170000-appointments-six-months-and-continues-be
Vogt, W. A. (2013). Crossing Mexico: Structural violence and the commodification of undocumented Central American migrants. American Ethnologist, 40(4), 764–780. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12053
Washington Office on Latin America (2020). Struggling to survive: Situation of asylum seekers in southern Mexico shows urgent need to prioritize regional protection. https://www.wola.org/es/analisis/luchando-por-sobrevivir-la-situacion-de-las-personas-solicitantes-de-asilo-en-la-frontera-sur-de-mexico-muestra-la-necesidad-urgente-de-priorizar-la-proteccion-en-las-politicas-migratorias-regionales/
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