Hemispheric Security and the National Intelligence Culture Conundrum in Small States: The Case of Guyana
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Nte, N. D., & Featherstone, C. R. . (2026). Hemispheric Security and the National Intelligence Culture Conundrum in Small States: The Case of Guyana. Razón Crítica, 20, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.21789/25007807.2203
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Resumen
More often than not, small states are usually surrounded by large predatory states that hinder their sustainable development trajectory. Although many small states—such as Qatar, Oman, Switzerland, and Singapore—have successfully navigated these difficult socio-political conditions and have emerged as substantially strong and virile nations, there are many others that face diverse latent and real intelligence and national security threats that lurk around them, which have arisen from both historical and geostrategic inadequacies. Consequently, this study evaluates the impregnable challenges of crafting a dependable national intelligence and geostrategic culture in Guyana—a small state nestled in the north-eastern corner of South America—based on hemispheric security model. Indeed, the findings of the study show that historical, social and political factors have greatly impacted the capacity of Guyana’s government to craft a sustainable national intelligence and a geostrategic culture in the country. As a matter of fact, factors as the postcolonial hangover, political admixtures, and sentimental politics (race and ethnic) have all accentuated the impact of the external hostile geopolitical environment in stifling Guyana’s national security. This situation has been magnified in the last few years by the oil boom and the unprecedented economic development of the small Caribbean state. This context also reveals that a potential regional implosion is underway due to the struggle for Guyana’s wealth by internal and external interests that have dire security challenges. Finally, the article underscores that a pragmatic nationalistic nation building efforts is necessary to prioritize the development of an actionable national intelligence and a security culture as a way out of this conundrum.
Citas
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Auty, R. M. (2001). Resource abundance and economic development. Oxford University Press.
Banks, W. C. (2017). The role of intelligence in national security. Oxford University Press.
Barkley, T. (2019). The resource curse: A global perspective. Palgrave Macmillan.
Beek, J., Göpfert, M., Owen, O., & Steinberg, F. (2018). Security in the postcolonial state. Routledge.
Beek, J., Göpfert, M., Owen, O., & Steinberg, F. (2020). Intelligence capacity building in developing nations. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(2), 45-67.
Bhattacharjee, A. (2020). Guyana’s oil boom: Prospects and challenges. Energy Economics Press.
Bisnauth, D. (2015). A history of religions in the Caribbean. Kingston Publishers.
Brewster, D. (2016). India’s ocean: The story of India’s bid for regional leadership. Routledge.
Brewster, D. (2021). Regional security architectures in the Indo-Pacific. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 75(3), 234-250.
Brown, D. (2019). Geopolitics of small states in the Caribbean. Cambridge University Press.
Brown, M., & Callan, T. (2016). Intelligence and the functioning of democracies. Routledge.
Bulmer-Thomas, V. (2014). The economic history of the Caribbean since the Napoleonic Wars. Cambridge University Press.
Caribbean Community Secretariat. (2019). Regional security strategy 2019-2024. CARICOM Secretariat.
Caribbean Development Bank. (2020). Community resilience and empowerment programs. CDB.
Carter, N., & Larnder, D. (2020). Stakeholder engagement in environmental governance. Environmental Policy and Governance, 30(4), 201-214.
Cecil, R., Singh, R., & Persaud, V. (2019). Transnational crime in the Caribbean basin. Journal of Caribbean Studies, 34(1), 12-29.
Cecil, R., Singh, R., & Persaud, V. (2020). The new oil frontier: Security implications for Guyana. Latin American Politics and Society, 62(2), 89-105.
Chaitram, S. (2018). Ethnic politics and resource governance in Guyana. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 56(3), 345-363.
Choo, K. R. (2019). Cybersecurity and biometric identification: A global overview. Elsevier.
Duncan, N. (2019). Ethnic polarization and political instability in Guyana. University of the West Indies Press.
Dunn, H. (2018). Security and development in small states. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Freedom House. (2020). Freedom in the world 2020: Guyana. Freedom House.
Gelb, A., & Grindle, M. (2010). Oil revenues and state capacity. World Bank.
Giddings, C. (2016). Postcolonial legacies in the Caribbean. Routledge.
Global Financial Integrity. (2022). Illicit financial flows from developing countries. GFI.
Global Witness. (2022). Transparency in the extractive industries. Global Witness.
Goldwyn, D. L. (2022). The geopolitics of energy transformation. Atlantic Council.
Gonsalves, R. (2022). Sovereignty and security in the Caribbean. Ian Randle Publishers.
Government of Guyana. (2022). National development strategy 2022-2030. Government of Guyana.
Granger, D. A. (2017). National security strategy for Guyana. Ministry of the Presidency.
Greenpeace. (2023). Environmental monitoring in the age of extraction. Greenpeace International.
Guyana Police Force. (2019). Public awareness and security preparedness survey. Guyana Police Force.
Henderson, P. (2017). Fragile states and internal security. Palgrave Macmillan.
Hinds, D. (2017). Politics and society in postcolonial Guyana. Routledge.
Huffington Post. (2019, June 10). The environmental cost of oil infrastructure. Huffington Post.
IFC. (2022). Climate risk and adaptation in coastal communities. International Finance Corporation.
ILO. (2018). Global employment trends for youth 2018. International Labour Organization.
IMF. (2020). Guyana: Article IV consultation. International Monetary Fund.
Inter-American Development Bank. (2022). Infrastructure for development in Latin America and the Caribbean. IDB.
INTERPOL. (2021). Global initiatives against transnational crime. INTERPOL.
IPCC. (2019). Special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
ITU. (2020). Global cybersecurity index 2020. International Telecommunication Union.
Jackson, R. (2018). Predatory states and small state vulnerability. Georgetown University Press.
Jackson, R. (2021). The new scramble for Caribbean resources. Oxford University Press.
Jenik, A., & West, S. (2018). Maritime security in the Caribbean Sea. Naval War College Press.
Katz, M. (2020). Territorial disputes in South America. Brookings Institution Press.
Kempadoo, O. (2019). Postcolonial Guyana: A historical perspective. Ian Randle Publishers.
Keohane, R. O. (2019). Power and interdependence in the South American region. Princeton University Press.
Koerner, L. (2021). Ethnicity and politics in contemporary Guyana. Routledge.
KPMG. (2021). Guyana’s economic outlook 2021. KPMG International.
Lall, R. (2023). Oil wealth and interethnic competition in Guyana. Studies in Comparative International Development, 58(1), 78-95.
Lindo, C. (2019). CARICOM and regional security integration. University of the West Indies Press.
Molina, A. (2018). Cybersecurity for critical national infrastructure. MIT Press.
Nte, N. D., Oluka, N. I., & Featherstone, C. R. (2022). The political economy of oil in Guyana. Novena University Press.
Nugent, P. (2019). The resilience of small states: Case studies from Europe and Asia. Palgrave Macmillan.
OECD. (2019). Foreign direct investment and security risks. OECD Publishing.
Open Government Partnership. (2019). The role of transparency in natural resource management. OGP.
Oxfam. (2018). Community-driven development in resource-rich countries. Oxfam International.
Payne, A. (2014). The political history of the Caribbean. Oxford University Press.
Perez, J. (2020). Technology and innovation in border security. Security Studies Press.
Reuters. (2021, November 15). Guyana’s oil boom brings social change. Reuters.
Roberts, T. (2018). Political fragmentation and security in small states. Cambridge University Press.
Ryder, G. (2018). Sustainable practices in the oil and gas industry. Routledge.
Singh, J. (2019). The postcolonial state in the Caribbean. University of the West Indies Press.
Singh, J. (2021). Navigating security challenges in the Caribbean. Routledge.
Smith, M. (2008). Colonialism and its aftermath in Guyana. Palgrave Macmillan.
Smith, M. (2010). The vulnerability of small states. Routledge.
Smith, M. (2018). Security dilemmas of small island states. Routledge.
Smith, M. (2020). Geopolitics of oil in the Caribbean basin. Energy Press.
Smith, M. (2022). Global competition for Guyana’s oil. Geopolitical Press.
Sobers-Grannum, R. (2016). Ethnicity and national identity in Guyana. Ian Randle Publishers.
Sobers-Grannum, R. (2018). Building trust for national security in divided societies. Journal of Caribbean Studies, 32(4), 112-128.
Talley, I. (2021). The Venezuela-Guyana border dispute. Wilson Center Press.
The Economist. (2017, August 5). The curse of oil. The Economist.
The Guardian. (2022, March 22). Inequality in the wake of an oil boom. The Guardian.
The Independent. (2021, July 10). The risks of rapid infrastructure development. The Independent.
The New York Times. (2019, September 18). Social tensions in a booming economy. The New York Times.
Transparency International. (2021). Corruption perceptions index 2021. Transparency International.
U.S. Department of State. (2021). Caribbean Basin Security Initiative. U.S. Department of State.
UNDP. (2020). Human development report 2020: Guyana. United Nations Development Programme.
UNEP. (2021). Environmental impacts of oil extraction. United Nations Environment Programme.
UNESCO. (2017). Education for sustainable development. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
UNESCO. (2021). Youth empowerment and education. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
UNICEF. (2019). Children and security in the Caribbean. United Nations Children’s Fund.
UNICEF. (2021). Social equity and human development in Guyana. United Nations Children’s Fund.
United Nations. (2018). The role of multilateralism in global security. United Nations.
United Nations. (2021). Sustainable infrastructure for the SDGs. United Nations.
UNODC. (2021). World drug report 2021. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
UN Women. (2020). Gender-based violence in insecure contexts. UN Women.
Ward, K. (2020). External influences on small state sovereignty. Routledge.
World Bank. (2021). Education and skills for the modern economy. World Bank.
World Bank. (2022). Guyana’s economic prospects 2022. World Bank.
World Bank. (2023). World development report 2023: Infrastructure. World Bank.
World Economic Forum. (2018). The global competitiveness report 2018. World Economic Forum.
World Economic Forum. (2020). The global competitiveness report 2020. World Economic Forum.
WWF. (2020). Marine biodiversity and oil spills. World Wide Fund for Nature.
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