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Aponte-Quevedo, L. S., Cutiva-Daza, G., Alvarado-Bautista, A. S., Díaz-Camargo, A. S., García-Caycedo, L. A., & Rodríguez-Saza, F. (2025). Disbiosis de la microbiota oral bajo el lente de las técnicas moleculares: de la alteración microbiana a la enfermedad. Revista Mutis, 15(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2171
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Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.

Resumen

El microbioma oral humano, integrado por más de 1000 especies bacterianas, desempeña un papel esencial en la salud oral y sistémica. Su desequilibrio, conocido como disbiosis, se asocia con patologías como caries, periodontitis y diversas condiciones sistémicas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue examinar, con base en la literatura científica, la relación entre la disbiosis oral y la salud humana, además de describir las técnicas moleculares empleadas para su análisis. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed (2000–2024) utilizando operadores booleanos y palabras clave relacionadas con microbiota oral, enfermedades orales y sistémicas, y técnicas moleculares. Se seleccionaron estudios en humanos que emplearan herramientas genómicas u ómicas, excluyendo revisiones y modelos animales. En total, se incluyeron 51 artículos que cumplían los criterios de elegibilidad. Los datos fueron organizados en una hoja estandarizada y analizados mediante Python 3.11.11 para identificar tendencias taxonómicas y metodológicas reportadas en la literatura.

Las familias más reportadas en los estudios analizados fueron Streptococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Fusobacteriaceae y Lactobacillaceae. Asi mismo, géneros como Streptococcus y Fusobacterium se asociaron con caries, mientras que Porphyromonas, Tannerella y Treponema se relacionaron con periodontitis. De igual manera, estas bacterias periodontopatógenas mostraron vínculos con enfermedades sistémicas como cáncer y procesos inflamatorios. La evidencia revisada resalta la importancia de caracterizar con precisión la microbiota oral y de incorporar enfoques moleculares avanzados, como la secuenciación de nueva generación y la metagenómica, para comprender este ecosistema y sus implicaciones clínicas.

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