Disbiosis de la microbiota oral bajo el lente de las técnicas moleculares: de la alteración microbiana a la enfermedad

Resumen

El microbioma oral humano, integrado por más de 1000 especies bacterianas, desempeña un papel esencial en la salud oral y sistémica. Su desequilibrio, conocido como disbiosis, se asocia con patologías como caries, periodontitis y diversas condiciones sistémicas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue examinar, con base en la literatura científica, la relación entre la disbiosis oral y la salud humana, además de describir las técnicas moleculares empleadas para su análisis. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed (2000–2024) utilizando operadores booleanos y palabras clave relacionadas con microbiota oral, enfermedades orales y sistémicas, y técnicas moleculares. Se seleccionaron estudios en humanos que emplearan herramientas genómicas u ómicas, excluyendo revisiones y modelos animales. En total, se incluyeron 51 artículos que cumplían los criterios de elegibilidad. Los datos fueron organizados en una hoja estandarizada y analizados mediante Python 3.11.11 para identificar tendencias taxonómicas y metodológicas reportadas en la literatura.

Las familias más reportadas en los estudios analizados fueron Streptococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Fusobacteriaceae y Lactobacillaceae. Asi mismo, géneros como Streptococcus y Fusobacterium se asociaron con caries, mientras que Porphyromonas, Tannerella y Treponema se relacionaron con periodontitis. De igual manera, estas bacterias periodontopatógenas mostraron vínculos con enfermedades sistémicas como cáncer y procesos inflamatorios. La evidencia revisada resalta la importancia de caracterizar con precisión la microbiota oral y de incorporar enfoques moleculares avanzados, como la secuenciación de nueva generación y la metagenómica, para comprender este ecosistema y sus implicaciones clínicas.

Palabras clave

Microbiota bucal

Bacterias orales

Disbiosis

Técnicas moleculares

Secuenciación de nueva generación

Metagenómica

ciencias naturales

Oral microbiota

Oral bacteria

Dysbiosis

Molecular techniques

Next-generation sequencing

Metagenomics

Natural sciences

Citas

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