Biología estructural, evolución y epidemiología del virus de la panleucopenia felina: el papel clave de las proteínas VP1 y VP2

Resumen

El virus de la panleucopenia felina (fplv) es un agente infeccioso perteneciente al género Protoparvovirus, que afecta principalmente a felinos domésticos y silvestres, así como a otras especies de carnívoros. Se caracteriza por su alta estabilidad ambiental, siendo resistente a pH ácido y temperaturas elevadas, lo que favorece la transmisión por vía oro-fecal y mediante fómites contaminados. La enfermedad produce síntomas como leucopenia, vómitos, diarrea y depresión, especialmente en gatos jóvenes no vacunados, en quienes la mortalidad puede alcanzar hasta el 90%. Su genoma codifica las proteínas estructurales vp1 y vp2, fundamentales para la formación de la cápside, la infección viral y la respuesta inmune. El objetivo de este artículo fue compilar la información actualizada sobre la biología estructural, evolución y epidemiología del fplv, con énfasis en vp1 y vp2. Para ello se revisaron 53 artículos de los últimos 20 años indexados en Scopus, PubMed y Google Scholar, así como estudios sobre parvovirus estrechamente relacionados, en especial el parvovirus canino (cpv), cuyas similitudes permitieron extrapolaciones relevantes. Además de la revisión, se construyó un árbol filogenético a partir de secuencias representativas de VP2 utilizando el método Neighbor-joining (NJ), el cual confirmó que FPLV forma un clado monofilético estrechamente relacionado con las variantes CPV-2 y sus derivados, lo cual respalda su origen evolutivo común y ayuda a explicar la compartición de características estructurales y funcionales. Se destaca el papel de vp1 y vp2 en el reconocimiento del receptor de transferrina (TfR), la importancia de mutaciones en los loops de VP2 y en la evasión inmune. Asimismo, se resalta la importancia de herramientas in silico en la comprensión de la biología viral y en el desarrollo de vacunas. Estos enfoques sientan las bases para el estudio funcional de las proteínas de la cápside y una comprensión más profunda dirigida a terapias, prevención y conservación de especies domésticas y silvestres.

Palabras clave

panleucopenia felina (FPLV)

proteínas VP1 y VP2

cápside viral

receptor de transferrina (TfR)

evasión inmune

ciencias naturales

Feline panleukopenia (FPLV)

VP1 and VP2 proteins

Viral capsid

Transferrin receptor (TfR)

Immune evasion

Natural sciences

Citas

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