ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
Núm. 20 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
HEMISPHERIC SECURITY AND THE NATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE CULTURE CONUNDRUM IN SMALL
STATES: THE CASE OF GUYANA
LA SEGURIDAD HEMISFÉRICA Y EL DILEMA DE LA CULTURA DE
INTELIGENCIA NACIONAL EN LOS ESTADOS PEQUEÑOS: EL CASO DE GUYANA
SEGURANÇA HEMISFÉRICA E O DILEMA DA CULTURA DE INTELIGÊNCIA
NACIONAL EM PEQUENOS ESTADOS: O CASO DA GUIANA
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte
Dept. of Intelligence of Intelligence and Security Studies & Provost,
College of Management and Social Sciences, Novena University, Nigeria
profdnte@novenauniversity.edu.ng; ngbodante@gmail.com | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1331-3511
Clairmont Roger Featherstone
Kuru Kuru Cooperative College, Guyana
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0180-9114
Fecha de recepción: 15 de julio de 2025
Fecha de aceptación: 10 de octubre de 2026
Disponible en línea: 16 de febrero de 2026
Sugerencia de citación: Nte, N. D., Featherston, C. R. (2026). Hemispheric Security and the National Intelligence Culture
Conundrum in Small States: The Case of Guyana. Razón Crítica, 20, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.21789/25007807.2203
Abstract
More often than not, small states are usually surrounded by large predatory states that hinder their
sustainable development trajectory. Although many small states—such as Qatar, Oman, Switzerland, and
Singapore—have successfully navigated these difficult socio-political conditions and have emerged as
substantially strong and virile nations, there are many others that face diverse latent and real intelligence and
national security threats that lurk around them, which have arisen from both historical and geostrategic
inadequacies. Consequently, this study evaluates the impregnable challenges of crafting a dependable national
intelligence and geostrategic culture in Guyana—a small state nestled in the north-eastern corner of South
America—based on hemispheric security model. Indeed, the findings of the study show that historical, social
and political factors have greatly impacted the capacity of Guyana’s government to craft a sustainable national
intelligence and a geostrategic culture in the country. As a matter of fact, factors as the postcolonial hangover,
political admixtures, and sentimental politics (race and ethnic) have all accentuated the impact of the external
hostile geopolitical environment in stifling Guyana’s national security. This situation has been magnified in the
last few years by the oil boom and the unprecedented economic development of the small Caribbean state. This
context also reveals that a potential regional implosion is underway due to the struggle for Guyana’s wealth by
internal and external interests that have dire security challenges. Finally, the article underscores that a
pragmatic nationalistic nation building efforts is necessary to prioritize the development of an actionable
national intelligence and a security culture as a way out of this conundrum.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
2
Keywords: Hemispheric security; National intelligence; Security culture; Small states; Guyana;
Social sciences.
Resumen
Con frecuencia, los Estados pequeños suelen estar rodeados de grandes Estados depredadores que
obstaculizan su desarrollo sostenible. Si bien muchos Estados pequeños, como Catar, Omán, Suiza y Singapur,
han sorteado con éxito estas difíciles condiciones sociopolíticas y se han consolidado como naciones sólidas y
robustas, muchos otros se enfrentan a diversas amenazas latentes y reales a la inteligencia y la seguridad
nacional, derivadas de deficiencias históricas y geoestratégicas. En consecuencia, este estudio evalúa los
insuperables desafíos que supone crear una cultura nacional de inteligencia y geoestratégica confiable en
Guyana, un pequeño Estado enclavado en el extremo noreste de Sudamérica, con base en el modelo de
seguridad hemisférica. Los hallazgos del estudio muestran que factores históricos, sociales y políticos han
impactado significativamente la capacidad del gobierno de Guyana para crear una inteligencia nacional
sostenible y una cultura geoestratégica en el país. De hecho, factores como la resaca poscolonial, las mezclas
políticas y las políticas sentimentales (raciales y étnicas) han acentuado el impacto del entorno geopolítico
externo hostil, sofocando la seguridad nacional de Guyana. Esta situación se ha visto magnificada en los
últimos años por el auge petrolero y el desarrollo económico sin precedentes del pequeño estado caribeño. Este
contexto también revela que una posible implosión regional está en marcha debido a la lucha por la riqueza de
Guyana entre intereses internos y externos que presentan graves desafíos de seguridad. Finalmente, el artículo
subraya que es necesario un esfuerzo pragmático de construcción nacionalista en el país para priorizar el
desarrollo de una inteligencia interna accionable y una cultura de seguridad como solución a este dilema.
Palabras clave: Seguridad hemisférica; Inteligencia nacional; Cultura de seguridad; Pequeños
estados; Guyana; Ciencias sociales.
Resumo
Os pequenos Estados são frequentemente cercados por grandes Estados predadores que dificultam
seu desenvolvimento sustentável. Embora muitos pequenos Estados, como Catar, Omã, Suíça e Singapura,
tenham conseguido superar essas condições sociopolíticas desafiadoras e se consolidar como nações fortes e
robustas, muitos outros enfrentam diversas ameaças latentes e reais à inteligência e à segurança nacional,
decorrentes de deficiências históricas e geoestratégicas. Assim, este estudo avalia os desafios intransponíveis
para a criação de uma cultura nacional de inteligência e geoestratégia confiável na Guiana, um pequeno Estado
sem litoral no extremo nordeste da América do Sul, com base no modelo de segurança hemisférica. Os
resultados do estudo mostram que fatores históricos, sociais e políticos impactaram significativamente a
capacidade do governo guianense de criar uma cultura nacional de inteligência e geoestratégia sustentável no
país.De fato, fatores como as sequelas pós-coloniais, as disputas políticas internas e as questões sentimentais
(raciais e étnicas) têm acentuado o impacto do ambiente geopolítico externo hostil, sufocando a segurança
nacional da Guiana. Essa situação foi amplificada nos últimos anos pelo boom do petróleo e pelo
desenvolvimento econômico sem precedentes do pequeno Estado caribenho. Esse contexto também revela que
uma potencial implosão regional está em curso devido à luta pela riqueza da Guiana entre interesses internos e
externos, o que representa sérios desafios à segurança. Por fim, o artigo destaca a necessidade de um esforço
pragmático de construção do nacionalismo no país, priorizando o desenvolvimento de inteligência interna
eficaz e uma cultura de segurança como solução para esse dilema.
Palavras-chave: Segurança hemisférica; Inteligência nacional; Cultura de segurança; Pequenos
Estados; Guiana; Ciências sociais.
Introduction
Small states often face unique challenges in maintaining their security and sovereignty,
particularly when surrounded by larger, potentially predatory neighbors. Smith (2018)
highlights that the vulnerability of small states is compounded by their limited resources and
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
3
their partial capacity to address complex security threats. Despite these challenges, some small
states have managed to navigate these obstacles successfully and emerged as strong and
resilient nations. Examples include Qatar, Oman, Switzerland, and Singapore, which have
developed robust security infrastructures and strategic partnerships to safeguard their interests
on the global stage (Al-Dakhil, 2016; Nugent, 2019).
However, for many small states, including the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, the
journey towards establishing a dependable national intelligence and a geostrategic culture is
fraught with obstacles. A long legacy of colonialism and internal divisions has shaped Guyana’s
historical, social, and political landscape and continues to influence its security dynamics today
(Kempadoo, 2019; Bisnauth, 2015). The postcolonial hangover—characterized by ethnic and
political tensions—has hindered efforts to craft a cohesive national security strategy capable of
addressing both internal and external threats effectively (Granger, 2017).
Against this backdrop, the recent discovery of significant oil reserves in Guyana has
added a new dimension to its security challenges. The oil boom has sparked a scramble for
control over the country’s newfound wealth, attracting both internal and external interests
seeking to exploit its resources (Bhattacharjee, 2020). This heightened competition has raised
regional concerns about the potential for the country to produce instability and conflict, further
exacerbating Guyana’s security conundrum (Jackson, 2021).
In light of these developments, this study seeks to evaluate the impregnable challenges
facing Guyana in crafting a sustainable national intelligence and a geostrategic culture within
this framework of hemispheric security. By examining the historical, social, and political
factors that have shaped Guyana’s security landscape, this research aims to identify key
obstacles and opportunities for enhancing the country’s security resilience. Moreover, by
drawing on insights from successful small states and relevant theoretical frameworks, the study
proposes pragmatic strategies for building a national intelligence culture that prioritizes
actionable intelligence and proactive security measures (Brown & Callan, 2016; Dunn, 2018).
Through a comprehensive analysis of Guyana’s security challenges and potential
solutions, this study seeks to contribute to the broader literature on small states’ security and
intelligence culture. By shedding light on the specific dynamics at play in Guyana, the research
aims to inform policymakers, security analysts, and scholars about the complexities of
safeguarding national interests in a rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape.
The following section of this introduction provides an overview of the unique security
challenges that small states like Guyana face and establishes the rationale for examining the
country’s efforts to build a national intelligence and a geostrategic culture. Drawing on relevant
literature and theoretical frameworks, the introduction, as well, outlines the scope and
objectives of the study, setting the stage for a comprehensive analysis of Guyana’s security
conundrum and potential pathways forward.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
4
Understanding the Landscape: Small States’ Security Dynamic
This table succinctly presents the aspects discussed in the previous paragraphs, along
with their respective descriptions and the references used.
Aspects
Description
Reference
Security Dynamics
Small states face challenges due to limited territorial size and
population.
Smith (2010)
Proximity to larger, potentially predatory states compounds
vulnerabilities.
Historical legacies of colonialism, economic dependency, and
geopolitical rivalries further complicate the security landscape.
Payne (2014)
Historical Factors
Postcolonial era leaves enduring legacies of political instability
and ethnic tensions.
Brewster (2016)
History of ethnic polarization between Indo-Guyanese and Afro-
Guyanese communities influences security strategies.
Duncan (2019)
Socio-Political
Fragmentation
Political divisions along ethnic lines hinder consensus-building
on security matters.
Roberts (2018)
External influence—including interference from larger powers—
exacerbate fragmentation.
Hinds (2017)
Hemispheric Security
Frameworks
Initiatives like CARICOM and OAS provide platforms for
cooperation and collective security.
Bulmer-Thomas
(2014)
Effectiveness depends on willingness of member states to engage
in dialogue and collaboration.
Lindo (2019)
Small states—often characterized by their limited territorial size and population—face
unique challenges in maintaining national security and intelligence capabilities. These
challenges are compounded by their proximity to larger, potentially predatory states, which can
exacerbate existing vulnerabilities and hinder sustainable development trajectories (Smith,
2010). In the context of the Caribbean region, where many small states are situated, the
security dynamics are further complicated by historical legacies of colonialism, economic
dependency, and geopolitical rivalries (Payne, 2014).
Historical factors play a significant role in shaping the security landscape of small states
like Guyana. The postcolonial era left enduring legacies of political instability, ethnic tensions,
and institutional weaknesses, which continue to influence security strategies and governance
structures (Brewster, 2016). For instance, Guyana’s history of ethnic polarization between
Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese communities has often been exploited by political actors,
leading to cycles of violence and political instability (Duncan, 2019).
Moreover, the socio-political fragmentation within small states can impede efforts to
develop coherent national security policies and intelligence capabilities. In Guyana, political
divisions along ethnic lines have historically hindered consensus-building on security matters,
leading to institutional weaknesses and vulnerabilities (Roberts, 2018). This fragmentation is
further exacerbated by external influences, including interference from larger regional and
global powers seeking to advance their strategic interests (Hinds, 2017).
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
5
In this context, hemispheric security frameworks play a crucial role in addressing the
security dynamics of small states. Initiatives such as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
and the Organization of American States (OAS) provide platforms for cooperation and
collective security arrangements, aimed at addressing common challenges and promoting
regional stability (Bulmer-Thomas, 2014). However, the effectiveness of these frameworks
depends on the willingness of member states to engage in meaningful dialogue and
collaboration, which can be hindered by divergent national interests and political rivalries
(Lindo, 2019).
Small states like Guyana face complex security dynamics shaped by historical, social,
and political factors. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive understanding of
the local context, as well as proactive engagement with regional and international partners. By
strengthening national institutions, fostering inclusive governance structures, and promoting
dialogue and cooperation, small states can enhance their resilience and safeguard their
sustainable development objectives amidst evolving security threats.
The Role of International Partnerships in Enhancing Security
This table provides a concise overview of the role of international partnerships in
enhancing the security capabilities of small states like Guyana, along with corresponding
descriptions and the references used.
Aspect
Description
References
Regional Initiatives
Initiatives like the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI)
aimed to strengthen security cooperation and capacity-
building efforts in the Caribbean region.
U.S. Department
of State (2021)
CBSI provides training programs, equipment, and intelligence-
sharing mechanisms to enhance the ability of small states to
combat transnational security threats.
Partnerships with
International
Organizations
Collaboration among organizations like INTERPOL and the
United Nations facilitates information exchange and
coordination on security issues.
INTERPOL (2021)
Working with INTERPOL allows access to a global network of
law enforcement agencies, enabling participation in joint
operations against transnational crime syndicates.
Access to Expertise and
Resources
International partnerships provide access to specialized
expertise and resources, enhancing the small states’ capacity to
respond to security challenges effectively.
Molina (2018)
Cooperation with countries possessing advanced capabilities
can strengthen the small state’s defenses against cyber threats
and maritime security challenges.
Joint Training and
Capacity-building
Initiatives
Involvement in joint training programs improves the
capabilities of security forces and enhances readiness in
responding to diverse security scenarios.
U.S. Department
of State (2021)
Multinational exercises and simulations provide practical
experience and foster institutional resilience and effectiveness
in real-world situations.
Diplomatic Engagement
and Advocacy
Engagement in multilateral forums enables advocacy for
security interests, shaping international norms and
contributing to global security policies.
United Nations
(2018)
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
6
Participation in diplomatic dialogue fosters trust, confidence,
and cooperation among nations, promoting stability and
collective action in addressing security challenges.
International partnerships are indispensable for bolstering the security capabilities of
small states such as Guyana. Collaborating with regional and global actors enables small states
to access vital resources, expertise, and technical assistance necessary for effectively addressing
security challenges. Initiatives like the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative (CBSI)—
spearheaded by the United States—which seeks to fortify security cooperation and capacity-
building endeavors in the Caribbean region underscores the significance of these partnerships
(U.S. Department of State, 2021). Through CBSI, Guyana and other Caribbean nations can
benefit from enhanced training programs, equipment provisions, and intelligence-sharing
mechanisms, thereby strengthening their ability to combat transnational security threats.
In addition to regional initiatives, partnerships with international organizations play a
pivotal role in augmenting small states’ security capabilities. Organizations such as INTERPOL
and the United Nations serve as crucial platforms for facilitating collaboration, exchanging
information, and coordinating a wide range of security issues, including terrorism, organized
crime, and illicit trafficking (INTERPOL, 2021). For instance, Guyana’s engagement with
INTERPOL enables it to tap into a global network of law enforcement agencies, enabling the
country to access databases, receive training, and participate in joint operations aimed at
combating transnational crime syndicates.
Moreover, international partnerships provide small states like Guyana with access to
specialized expertise and resources that may be lacking domestically. By leveraging the
knowledge and experience of partner countries and organizations, small states can enhance
their capacity to respond effectively to emerging security challenges. For example, cooperating
with countries possessing advanced cybersecurity capabilities can help strengthen Guyana’s
defenses against cyber threats, safeguarding critical infrastructure and sensitive information
systems (Molina, 2018). Similarly, collaborating with maritime security agencies can bolster
Guyana’s efforts to combat piracy, illegal fishing, and maritime smuggling activities in its
territorial waters.
Furthermore, international partnerships offer small states opportunities for joint
training and capacity-building initiatives, which are essential for developing skilled personnel
and fostering institutional resilience. Training programs conducted in collaboration with
partner countries and organizations enable Guyana to enhance the capabilities of its security
forces, improve border management practices, and refine intelligence-gathering techniques
(U.S. Department of State, 2021). Additionally, participation in multinational exercises and
simulations allows Guyanese security personnel to gain practical experience in responding to
diverse security scenarios, thereby enhancing their readiness and effectiveness in real-world
situations.
Beyond tangible resources and training opportunities, international partnerships
contribute to the development of trust, confidence, and cooperation among nations, fostering a
conducive environment for collective action in addressing shared security challenges. By
engaging in dialogue and collaboration with regional and global partners, small states like
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
7
Guyana can build diplomatic relationships, strengthen regional security architectures, and
promote stability in their respective regions (United Nations, 2018). Moreover, participation in
multilateral forums and initiatives enables Guyana to advocate for its security interests, shape
international norms and standards, and contribute to the formulation of global security
policies.
International partnerships play a multifaceted role in enhancing the security
capabilities of small states like Guyana. By collaborating with regional and global actors,
accessing resources and expertise, participating in joint training initiatives, and fostering
diplomatic relationships, small states can effectively confront security challenges and safeguard
their national interests in an increasingly interconnected world
Technology and Innovation in Security Strategies
Aspect
References
Border Surveillance
Perez (2020)
Biometric
Identification
Choo (2019)
Data Analytics for
Crime Prevention
Perez (2020)
Cybersecurity
Infrastructure
Molina
(2018)
Utilizing drones for border surveillance, integrating biometric identification systems,
employing data analytics for crime prevention, and implementing cybersecurity measures are
crucial aspects for leveraging technology within security strategies. These innovations enhance
border monitoring, improve identity verification, aid in proactive crime detection, and
safeguard critical systems against cyber threats
Advancements in technology and innovation present promising avenues for bolstering
security strategies, particularly in small states like Guyana. By leveraging cutting-edge
technological solutions, such as surveillance systems, biometric identification, and data
analytics, countries can enhance various aspects of their security apparatus, including border
control, crime prevention, and intelligence gathering (Choo, 2019). In Guyana, where resource
constraints and geographical challenges can impede traditional security measures, the
adoption of innovative technologies holds significant potential for overcoming these limitations
and bolstering national security efforts.
One key area where technology can revolutionize security strategies is in border
surveillance and monitoring. Guyana shares borders with several neighboring countries and
effectively patrolling these vast and often remote areas can be challenging. However, the use of
drones equipped with high-resolution cameras and infrared sensors enables authorities to
conduct aerial surveillance, enhancing visibility and coverage of border regions (Perez, 2020).
By deploying drones for routine patrols and reconnaissance missions, Guyana can detect and
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
8
deter illegal border crossings, smuggling activities, and other illicit cross-border movements
more effectively than traditional ground-based surveillance methods.
Moreover, biometric identification technologies offer enhanced capabilities for border
control and identity verification. Biometric systems, such as fingerprint scanners and facial
recognition software, provide reliable means of authenticating individuals’ identities, thereby
strengthening border security and immigration control measures (Choo, 2019). By integrating
biometric authentication into immigration checkpoints and border crossings, Guyana can
improve the accuracy and efficiency of identity verification processes, reduce the risk of
unauthorized entry and enhance overall border security.
In addition to border surveillance and identity verification, data analytics emerges as a
powerful tool for enhancing crime prevention and law enforcement efforts. By analyzing large
volumes of data collected from various sources, including surveillance cameras,
communication intercepts, and social media platforms, authorities can identify patterns and
trends indicative of criminal activity (Perez, 2020). Predictive analytics algorithms can forecast
potential hotspots for crime, enabling law enforcement agencies to deploy resources proactively
and prevent criminal incidents before they occur.
Furthermore, investments in cybersecurity infrastructure are paramount for
safeguarding critical information systems and defending against cyber threats. As the reliance
on digital technologies grows across all sectors of society—including government, finance,
healthcare, and transportation—the risk of cyberattacks and data breaches increases
exponentially (Molina, 2018). Small states like Guyana are particularly vulnerable to cyber
threats due to its limited resources and its lack of expertise in cybersecurity. However, by
investing in robust cybersecurity measures, such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and
encryption protocols, Guyana can fortify its digital defenses and mitigate the risk of cyber
incidents that could compromise national security and economic stability.
Nevertheless, the adoption of technology and innovation in security strategies is not
without challenges. One major concern is the potential for misuse or abuse of surveillance
technologies, leading to violations of privacy rights and civil liberties (Choo, 2019). In Guyana,
where ethnic tensions and political divisions persist, there is a risk that surveillance tools could
be weaponized for political purposes, undermining democratic principles and exacerbating
social unrest. Therefore, it is essential for authorities to implement robust legal and regulatory
frameworks governing the use of surveillance technologies, ensuring transparency,
accountability, and respect for human rights.
Moreover, the effectiveness of technological solutions relies heavily on factors such as
infrastructure development, technical expertise, and financial resources (Perez, 2020). In
Guyana, where infrastructure gaps and limited access to technology are prevalent, efforts to
deploy advanced security technologies may encounter logistical and operational challenges.
Therefore, it is imperative for the government to invest in building the necessary technological
infrastructure and capacity-building initiatives to support the adoption and integration of
innovative security solutions effectively.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
9
Advancements in technology and innovation hold immense potential for enhancing
security strategies in small states like Guyana. By leveraging technologies such as surveillance
systems, biometric identification, data analytics, and cybersecurity infrastructure, Guyana can
overcome resource constraints and strengthen its capacity to address security challenges
effectively. However, successful implementation requires careful consideration of ethical, legal,
and practical considerations, as well as sustained investment in infrastructure and capacity-
building initiatives to support long-term sustainability and resilience in the face of evolving
security threats.
Guyana’s Struggle: Historical and Contemporary Influences
Guyana’s struggle with national security and intelligence culture is deeply intertwined
with its historical and contemporary influences, shaping its trajectory as a small state in a
complex geopolitical landscape. The postcolonial legacy of Guyana has left enduring marks on
its socio-political fabric, influencing its security dynamics to this day (Singh, 2019). The
colonial period, marked by exploitation and division, laid the groundwork for enduring ethnic
tensions and political fragmentation within the country (Smith, 2008). The legacy of colonial
rule has contributed to a complex web of socio-political challenges, exacerbating the task of
crafting a cohesive national security strategy (Giddings, 2016).
Moreover, Guyana’s contemporary socio-political landscape is marked by ethnic
divisions and political rivalries, further complicating efforts to address national security
challenges (Koerner, 2021). The country’s diverse population, composed of Indo-Guyanese,
Afro-Guyanese, and Indigenous communities, often finds itself polarized along ethnic lines,
creating vulnerabilities that can be exploited by external actors (Ward, 2020). This internal
fragmentation not only undermines social cohesion but also hampers efforts to build a robust
national intelligence apparatus capable of addressing emerging threats (Henderson, 2017).
The current geopolitical environment adds another layer of complexity to Guyana’s
security challenges. The recent discovery of oil reserves off its coast has generated newfound
economic potential but has also attracted the attention of external actors seeking to exploit its
resources (Smith, 2020). Guyana’s position as a small state with significant natural wealth
makes it vulnerable to predatory behavior from larger, more powerful neighbors and global
players (Jackson, 2018). As a result, the country faces the dual challenge of managing internal
tensions while safeguarding its sovereignty and economic interests from external threats
(Gonsalves, 2022).
Addressing Guyana’s security conundrum requires a multifaceted approach that
acknowledges the historical and contemporary influences shaping its security landscape.
Efforts to strengthen national intelligence and geostrategic culture must take into account the
country’s unique socio-political dynamics, while also considering the broader hemispheric
security framework within which it operates (Brown, 2019). Only through a comprehensive
understanding of these influences can Guyana hope to navigate its security challenges and
emerge as a resilient and secure nation in the face of evolving threats (Singh, 2021).
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
10
Economic Implications of Guyana’s Security Challenges
Guyana, nestled in the north-eastern corner of South America, faces a complex array of
security challenges that deeply influence its economic landscape. These challenges, stemming
from both internal and external sources, have profound implications for the country’s
development trajectory and economic potential. In this study, we delve into the economic
implications of Guyana’s security challenges, examining how these factors intertwine to shape
the nation’s prosperity.
At the heart of Guyana’s security concerns lies a delicate balance between its newfound
oil wealth and the vulnerabilities it exposes. The recent discovery of significant oil reserves off
of its coast has catapulted Guyana onto the global stage as an emerging player in the energy
sector. However, this newfound wealth has also attracted the attention of external actors
seeking to exploit these resources, thereby heightening security concerns (KPMG, 2021; Nte et
al. 2022).
Investor confidence—a cornerstone of economic growth and development—is
inherently linked to perceptions of security and stability. In Guyana’s case, security threats,
both historical and contemporary, undermine this confidence, deterring foreign direct
investment (FDI) and impeding economic progress. The prevalence of crime, including theft,
extortion, and organized crime, creates a climate of uncertainty that discourages both domestic
and foreign investors from engaging in business activities (OECD, 2019).
Moreover, Guyana’s security challenges contribute to a diversion of resources away
from productive investments towards security measures. The government’s limited financial
resources are stretched thin, as significant funds are allocated towards security and defense
expenditures at the expense of social and economic development initiatives (IMF, 2020). This
diversion of resources hampers efforts to address pressing socio-economic issues, such as
poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, and healthcare provision, thereby impeding
the country’s overall development progress.
The economic ramifications of Guyana’s security challenges extend beyond its borders,
impacting regional stability and cooperation. Transnational security threats, such as drug
trafficking and organized crime, pose significant risks to Guyana and the wider Caribbean
region. Addressing these challenges requires enhanced regional cooperation and engagement
with neighboring states to effectively combat cross-border criminal activities (Caribbean
Community Secretariat, 2019).
To mitigate the economic impact of its security challenges, Guyana must prioritize
investments in security infrastructure, law enforcement, and intelligence capabilities. Building
a robust security apparatus is essential for restoring investor confidence and creating a
conducive environment for economic growth and development. Additionally, fostering regional
cooperation and partnerships can help address transnational security threats, thereby
safeguarding Guyana’s economic interests and promoting regional stability.
Guyana’s security challenges have far-reaching economic implications that shape its
development trajectory and potential for growth. By addressing these challenges through
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
11
targeted investments in security infrastructure and regional cooperation, Guyana can pave the
way for sustainable economic wealth and prosperity for its citizens.
Societal Resilience and Community Engagement
Societal resilience and community engagement are critical pillars in addressing the
multifaceted security challenges faced by Guyana. Beyond the economic implications, security
issues permeate every aspect of society, affecting public safety, social cohesion, and overall
well-being. Guyana’s struggle with crime and violence not only undermines individual security
but also erodes trust and solidarity within communities, exacerbating the challenges they face
(UNODC, 2021). Research indicates that societies grappling with high levels of insecurity are
prone to social fragmentation, isolation, and a breakdown of trust, all of which compound
security threats (UNESCO, 2017).
The ethno-political landscape of Guyana adds another layer of complexity to these
challenges. Ethnic tensions and political divisions further strain social cohesion, hindering
efforts to build resilient communities capable of responding to and recovering from crises
(Government of Guyana, 2022). In such an environment, vulnerable populations, including
women, children, and marginalized communities, bear the brunt of security threats,
exacerbating existing inequalities (UN Women, 2020). Women and girls, in particular, face
heightened risks of gender-based violence in insecure environments, limiting their access to
education, employment, and essential services (UNICEF, 2019).
Moreover, factors such as youth unemployment and a lack of opportunities contribute
to social disengagement, making young people more susceptible to involvement in criminal
activities (ILO, 2018). This situation perpetuates cycles of violence and insecurity, further
eroding societal resilience and exacerbating security challenges.
Addressing these issues requires a holistic approach that empowers communities and
fosters meaningful engagement at the grassroot level. Initiatives aimed at building societal
resilience should prioritize participatory decision-making processes, enabling communities to
take ownership of their security and well-being (Caribbean Development Bank, 2020). By
involving local stakeholders in the design and implementation of security strategies, trust and
cooperation can be strengthened, enhancing the effectiveness of interventions.
Furthermore, investment in education, skills training, and youth empowerment
programs is essential for providing alternatives to violence and crime (UNESCO, 2021). By
equipping young people with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, societies can
break the cycle of poverty and insecurity, fostering a more stable and prosperous future.
Additionally, targeted interventions are needed to address the specific needs of
vulnerable populations, including women, children, and marginalized communities. This may
involve providing access to support services, legal aid, and economic opportunities, as well as
implementing measures to prevent and respond to gender-based violence (UN Women, 2020).
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
12
Ultimately, building societal resilience and fostering community engagement are long-
term endeavors that require sustained commitment and collaboration from governments, civil
society, and the international community. By investing in the social fabric of society and
empowering communities to take charge of their own security, Guyana can overcome its
security challenges and build a more peaceful and prosperous future for all its citizens.
The Oil Boom Dilemma: Economic Potential vs. Security Threats
Concerns
Statistics / Evidence
External Interference
Guyana’s estimated oil reserves surpass billions of barrels (World Bank,
2023).
Multinational corporations and foreign governments are eyeing Guyana’s
oil wealth (Smith, 2022).
Weak Governance and
Corruption
Guyana faces challenges related to weak governance and institutional
corruption (Global Financial Integrity, 2022).
Ethnic Tensions and Political
Fragmentation
Ethnic divisions persist, exacerbated by competition for oil resources
(Chaitram, 2018).
The influx of oil revenues intensifies interethnic competition (Lall, 2023).
The recent oil boom in Guyana has ushered in a wave of economic potential, promising
newfound wealth and development opportunities for the nation. However, amidst this
economic optimism lies a looming dilemma: the balance between economic prosperity and
security threats. As Guyana prepares to navigate this complex landscape, it must grapple with
the multifaceted challenges posed by its newfound oil wealth. This essay explores the intricate
interplay between economic potential and security threats in the context of Guyana’s oil boom,
shedding light on the implications for national security and the imperative of proactive
measures to mitigate risks.
Guyana’s emergence as an oil-producing nation marks a significant turning point in its
history. With estimated reserves of over 8 billion barrels of oil, the country has been catapulted
onto the global energy stage, attracting significant investment and attention from multinational
corporations (EIA, 2023). The promise of oil revenues has raised hopes for accelerated
economic growth, job creation, and infrastructure development, offering a pathway to alleviate
poverty and propel Guyana towards prosperity (World Bank, 2022). However, the rush to
capitalize on this newfound resource wealth has also exposed Guyana to a host of security
threats, both internal and external.
Internally, Guyana faces the challenge of managing the socio-economic implications of
the oil boom. While the prospect of oil wealth brings opportunities for economic advancement,
it also presents risks of exacerbating inequality, corruption, and social unrest (IEA, 2023).
Historically, resource-rich countries have grappled with the “resource curse,” wherein the
abundance of natural resources fails to translate into broad-based development, instead fueling
political instability and conflict (Auty, 2001). In Guyana’s case, the concentration of oil wealth
in the hands of a few elites could deepen existing divisions along ethnic and socio-economic
lines, potentially sparking social unrest and undermining national cohesion (Barkley, 2019).
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
13
Moreover, the influx of foreign workers and investment could strain local infrastructure and
services, further exacerbating social tensions (Goldwyn, 2022).
Externally, Guyana confronts a myriad of security challenges stemming from the
geopolitics of oil. The South American region, historically characterized by border disputes and
territorial rivalries, presents a volatile environment for energy development (Keohane, 2019).
Guyana’s territorial disputes with neighboring Venezuela, particularly over the resource-rich
Essequibo region, have escalated in recent years, with Venezuela laying claim to large swathes
of Guyana’s offshore oil reserves (Talley, 2021). This geopolitical rivalry has raised concerns
about the potential for military conflict and destabilization in the region, jeopardizing Guyana’s
economic prospects and regional stability (Katz, 2020). Furthermore, the presence of
transnational criminal organizations and piracy in the Caribbean Sea poses additional security
risks to offshore oil operations, threatening the safety of personnel and infrastructure (Jenik &
West, 2018).
In light of these challenges, Guyana must adopt a comprehensive approach to
safeguarding its economic potential while mitigating security threats. Strengthening national
security and intelligence capabilities is paramount to effectively countering both internal and
external risks. Investing in intelligence gathering and analysis capabilities will enable Guyana
to identify and pre-empt potential security threats, enhancing situational awareness and
decision-making (Banks, 2017). Collaborating with regional and international partners,
particularly through organizations such as CARICOM and the United Nations, can bolster
Guyana’s capacity to address transnational security challenges and resolve territorial disputes
diplomatically (Brewster, 2021). Additionally, fostering inclusive governance and transparent
institutions is essential to ensuring that oil revenues are managed responsibly and equitably,
mitigating the risk of corruption and social unrest (Gelb & Grindle, 2010).
Guyana stands at a critical juncture as it navigates the opportunities and challenges
presented by its oil boom. While the prospect of economic prosperity is tantalizing, it must be
tempered by a sober assessment of the security risks inherent in the oil industry. By adopting a
proactive and multi-dimensional approach to national security, Guyana can safeguard its
economic potential while mitigating the threats posed by internal unrest and external
aggression. Only through concerted efforts to strengthen intelligence capabilities, foster
regional cooperation, and promote inclusive governance can Guyana realize its vision of
sustainable development and prosperity in the era of oil.
Environmental Concerns: Balancing Development with Conservation
The oil boom in Guyana brings not only economic opportunities but also environmental
challenges that must be carefully managed. The extraction and processing of oil pose
significant risks to the fragile ecosystems of the region, including marine biodiversity and
coastal habitats (UNEP, 2021). Guyana’s commitment to sustainable development requires
striking a delicate balance between harnessing its oil resources for economic growth and
preserving its natural environment for future generations.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
14
The potential for oil spills and pollution from drilling operations poses a threat to
Guyana’s marine biodiversity and fisheries, upon which many coastal communities depend for
their livelihoods (WWF, 2020). Additionally, the influx of infrastructure associated with oil
development, such as pipelines and port facilities, can further disrupt sensitive ecosystems and
exacerbate habitat loss (Huffington Post, 2019). These environmental impacts not only
jeopardize the long-term sustainability of Guyana’s natural resources but also undermine the
resilience of local communities to climate change and extreme weather events (IFC, 2022).
To address these environmental concerns, Guyana must prioritize sustainable practices
and regulatory frameworks that mitigate the ecological footprint of oil extraction (Ryder,
2018). Investing in environmental monitoring and enforcement mechanisms can help ensure
compliance with environmental standards and minimize the risk of environmental degradation
(Greenpeace, 2023). Moreover, engaging with stakeholders, including indigenous communities
and environmental NGOs, is essential to fostering a collaborative approach to environmental
stewardship and promoting the conservation of Guyana’s rich biodiversity (Carter & Larnder,
2020).
Social Impact: Addressing Inequality and Social Disparities
While the oil boom holds the promise of economic prosperity for Guyana, it also raises
concerns about its impact on social inequality and disparities. Historically marginalized
communities, including indigenous peoples and rural populations, are particularly vulnerable
to the social consequences of rapid economic development (UNDP, 2020). Without adequate
safeguards and inclusive policies, the benefits of oil wealth may accrue disproportionately to a
privileged few, exacerbating existing inequalities and widening the gap between rich and poor.
The influx of investment and economic activity associated with the oil industry has the
potential to transform Guyana’s social landscape, creating new opportunities for employment,
education, and infrastructure development (Reuters, 2021). However, without proper planning
and social safeguards, these benefits may bypass marginalized communities, further relegating
them from the economic mainstream (The Guardian, 2022). Moreover, the social disruptions
caused by rapid urbanization and population influxes can strain social services and
infrastructure, exacerbating social tensions and undermining community cohesion (The New
York Times, 2019).
To address these social challenges, Guyana must adopt inclusive policies that prioritize
social equity and human development (UNICEF, 2021). Investing in education and vocational
training programs can empower marginalized communities and equip them with the skills
needed to participate in the emerging oil economy (World Bank, 2021). Furthermore,
promoting community-driven development initiatives and participatory decision-making
processes can ensure that local voices are heard and that the benefits of oil wealth are shared
equitably among all segments of society (Oxfam, 2018).
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
15
Infrastructure Development: Seizing Opportunities, Managing Risks
The oil boom presents Guyana with a unique opportunity to accelerate infrastructure
development and modernization, laying the groundwork for sustained economic growth and
diversification (ADB, 2023). However, realizing this potential requires careful planning and
strategic investment to overcome the logistical challenges posed by the country’s
underdeveloped infrastructure and remote geography.
Guyana’s infrastructure deficit, particularly in transportation, energy, and
telecommunications, has long been a barrier to economic development and regional integration
(World Economic Forum, 2020). The influx of oil revenues provides an unprecedented
opportunity to address these infrastructure gaps and unlock new growth opportunities in
sectors such as tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing (Inter-American Development Bank,
2022). However, the rapid pace of infrastructure development also carries risks, including
environmental degradation, social displacement, and fiscal vulnerability (The Independent,
2021).
To maximize the benefits of infrastructure development while minimizing its risks,
Guyana must adopt a holistic approach that integrates environmental, social, and economic
considerations into infrastructure planning and decision-making (Asian Development Bank,
2019). Investing in sustainable infrastructure projects that prioritize resilience, inclusivity, and
environmental sustainability can help Guyana build a more resilient and equitable society
(United Nations, 2021). Moreover, leveraging public-private partnerships and international
cooperation can mobilize additional resources and expertise to support Guyana’s infrastructure
development agenda (World Bank, 2023).
Governance and Institutional Capacity: Strengthening the Foundations of
Development
The successful management of Guyana’s oil boom hinges on effective governance and
institutional capacity to ensure transparency, accountability, and good governance
(Transparency International, 2021). The influx of oil revenues presents both opportunities and
challenges for governance, with the potential to either catalyze progress or perpetuate systemic
weaknesses and corruption.
Guyana’s governance landscape is characterized by institutional weaknesses, political
patronage, and a lack of transparency, which have historically hindered the country’s
development prospects (Freedom House, 2020). The rent-seeking behavior and rentier state
dynamics associated with oil wealth pose additional risks to governance, with the potential to
entrench elite capture and undermine democratic institutions (The Economist, 2017).
Moreover, the opacity of oil contracts and revenue-sharing arrangements raises concerns about
the potential for corruption and mismanagement of public resources (Global Witness, 2022).
To address these governance challenges, Guyana must prioritize institutional reforms
and capacity-building initiatives aimed at enhancing transparency, accountability, and citizen
participation (World Economic Forum, 2018). Strengthening anti-corruption measures,
improving public financial management systems, and enhancing oversight mechanisms can
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
16
help safeguard against the risks of corruption and ensure that oil revenues are used effectively
for the benefit of all Guyanese citizens (International Monetary Fund, 2021). Furthermore,
fostering a culture of transparency and openness in government decision-making processes can
enhance public trust and confidence in the management of oil resources (Open Government
Partnership, 2019).
Crafting a Sustainable National Intelligence and a Geostrategic Culture
This table provides a concise summary of the factors contributing to Guyana’s security
challenges, their impacts, and corresponding recommendations for addressing them.
Factors Contributing to
Guyana’s Security
Challenges
Impact
Recommendations
Historical Legacy of Colonialism
Institutional weaknesses
breeds
Social divisions
Invest in institutional reform to promote
reconciliation and unity.
Ethnic Tensions
Political instability
breeds
Divided communities
Foster dialogue and collaboration to build trust
among ethnic groups.
Economic Boom and Resource
Competition
Increased competition
for resources breeds
External pressures from
predatory neighbors
Strengthen intelligence capabilities by engaging
in regional and international cooperation.
Small states face unique challenges in navigating the complex landscape of national
security and intelligence, often exacerbated by their geopolitical circumstances. The
Cooperative Republic of Guyana, situated in the Caribbean region, is no exception. Despite its
potential for growth, Guyana grapples with historical, social, and political factors that impede
the development of a robust national intelligence and geostrategic culture. This article delves
into the intricacies of Guyana’s security conundrum, exploring the impacts of postcolonial
legacies, ethnic tensions, and external pressures, particularly in the context of the recent oil
boom. It evaluates existing efforts to address these challenges and proposes pragmatic
strategies for fostering a sustainable national intelligence and geostrategic culture.
Guyana’s struggle with crafting a sustainable national intelligence and geostrategic
culture is deeply rooted in its historical trajectory. As a former British colony, Guyana grappled
with the legacies of colonialism, including institutional weaknesses and social divisions. These
factors have significantly shaped Guyana’s security landscape, contributing to political
instability and ethnic tensions (Beek et al., 2018). The legacy of colonialism has also left
Guyana vulnerable to external pressures, particularly from larger, more powerful states in the
region.
Ethnic tensions further exacerbate Guyana’s security challenges, hindering efforts to
foster a cohesive national identity and security culture. The country’s diverse population,
comprised primarily of Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese communities, has historically been
divided along ethnic lines (Sobers-Grannum, 2016). Politicians often exploit these divisions for
political gain, perpetuating a cycle of mistrust and discord that undermines national unity and
security. The prevalence of ethnic politics not only hampers efforts to develop a unified
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
17
approach to national security but also creates vulnerabilities that can be exploited by external
actors seeking to sow discord within the country.
The recent discovery of oil reserves off Guyana’s coast has added a new layer of
complexity to the country’s security landscape. While the oil boom promises economic
prosperity, it also presents significant security risks. Guyana’s newfound wealth has attracted
the attention of both internal and external actors, leading to increased competition for control
of the country’s resources (Cecil et al., 2020). This competition has the potential to escalate
into conflict, further destabilizing the region and undermining Guyana’s security.
In light of these challenges, crafting a sustainable national intelligence and geostrategic
culture is imperative for Guyana’s long-term security and prosperity. Central to this effort is the
development of robust intelligence capabilities capable of identifying and mitigating threats to
national security. Investing in intelligence gathering and analysis infrastructure, as well as
training personnel in advanced techniques and technologies, is essential for enhancing
Guyana’s ability to anticipate and respond to emerging threats (Beek et al., 2020).
Equally important is the cultivation of a national security culture that prioritizes
cooperation and collaboration among government agencies, civil society organizations, and the
private sector. Building trust and fostering communication between these stakeholders is
crucial for developing a unified approach to national security that transcends political and
ethnic divisions (Sobers-Grannum, 2018). Initiatives aimed at promoting dialogue and
collaboration, such as joint training exercises and information-sharing agreements, can help
bridge divides and build consensus around shared security objectives.
Furthermore, Guyana must actively engage with regional and international partners to
strengthen its security posture and counter external threats. Collaborating with neighboring
states and regional organizations, such as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the
Organization of American States (OAS), can enhance Guyana’s capacity to address
transnational security challenges, such as drug trafficking and organized crime (Cecil et al.,
2019). Similarly, forging strategic partnerships with global powers, such as the United States
and the European Union, can provide Guyana with access to resources and expertise needed to
enhance its security capabilities.
Crafting a sustainable national intelligence and geostrategic culture is essential for
Guyana’s security and prosperity in the 21st century. By addressing the historical, social, and
political factors that hinder the development of such a culture, Guyana can build resilience
against internal and external threats, safeguarding its sovereignty and promoting regional
stability. Through strategic investments in intelligence capabilities, fostering collaboration
among stakeholders, and engaging with regional and international partners, Guyana can chart
a path towards a more secure and prosperous future.
Additionally, the following section presents four strategies that can help build a
sustainable national intelligence for Guyana.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
18
Strengthening Cybersecurity Infrastructure
In today’s digital age, cybersecurity has emerged as a critical component of national
security for small states like Guyana. With increasing reliance on digital technologies across all
sectors, including government, finance, and communication, the threat of cyberattacks has
become more pronounced. According to a report by the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU), the Caribbean region has seen a significant rise in cybercrime in recent years,
with attacks ranging from data breaches to ransomware incidents (ITU, 2020). Guyana, like
many other countries in the region, is vulnerable to cyber threats due to inadequate
cybersecurity infrastructure and a lack of skilled personnel. Strengthening Guyana’s
cybersecurity capabilities requires investment in technology, training, and collaboration with
international partners. By enhancing its ability to detect, prevent, and respond to cyber threats,
Guyana can safeguard its critical infrastructure and protect sensitive information from
malicious actors.
In recent years, the rapid proliferation of digital technologies has transformed the
global landscape, revolutionizing the way individuals, businesses, and governments interact
and operate. While these advancements have brought about numerous benefits, they have also
exposed vulnerabilities that malicious actors can exploit for nefarious purposes. Small states
like Guyana, with limited resources and technical expertise, are particularly susceptible to
cyber threats, as they often lack the robust cybersecurity infrastructure necessary to defend
against sophisticated attacks.
The Caribbean region, including Guyana, has witnessed a surge in cybercrime
incidents, ranging from phishing scams and malware infections to more sophisticated
ransomware attacks and data breaches. These incidents not only jeopardize the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of critical information systems but also pose significant risks to
national security, economic stability, and public safety. For Guyana, which is in the midst of an
economic transformation driven by its burgeoning oil and gas industry, the stakes are higher
than ever, as cyber threats could undermine its progress and development efforts.
One of the primary challenges facing Guyana in strengthening its cybersecurity
infrastructure is the lack of adequate resources and expertise. Unlike larger, more developed
nations, Guyana may struggle to allocate sufficient funding and manpower to cybersecurity
initiatives, including the procurement of advanced technologies, the recruitment and training
of skilled professionals, and the establishment of comprehensive cybersecurity frameworks.
Additionally, the absence of a coordinated national cybersecurity strategy and regulatory
framework further complicates efforts to address cyber threats effectively.
To address these challenges and enhance its cybersecurity capabilities, Guyana must
adopt a multi-faceted approach that encompasses technology, training, and international
cooperation. Firstly, investing in state-of-the-art cybersecurity technologies, such as intrusion
detection systems, next-generation firewalls, and security information and event management
(SIEM) solutions is essential for detecting and mitigating cyber threats in real-time. These
technologies can help Guyana build a robust defensive perimeter around its critical
infrastructure and networks, thereby reducing the likelihood of successful cyberattacks.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
19
Secondly, investing in training and capacity-building initiatives is crucial for developing
a skilled workforce capable of managing and responding to cyber threats effectively. By
providing cybersecurity training programs, certifications, and professional development
opportunities, Guyana can cultivate a cadre of cybersecurity professionals equipped with the
knowledge and skills necessary to safeguard its digital assets. Additionally, fostering
collaboration between academia, industry, and government can facilitate knowledge sharing
and skills transfer, further strengthening the country’s cybersecurity ecosystem.
Furthermore, forging partnerships and alliances with international organizations,
governments, and cybersecurity firms can provide Guyana with access to additional resources,
expertise, and threat intelligence. Collaborating with regional bodies such as the Caribbean
Telecommunications Union (CTU) and international organizations like the United Nations
(UN) and the World Bank can facilitate knowledge exchange, capacity-building, and technical
assistance in cybersecurity. Moreover, partnering with cybersecurity firms and industry
associations can offer Guyana access to cutting-edge technologies, threat intelligence, and best
practices in cybersecurity.
In conclusion, strengthening cybersecurity infrastructure is paramount for
safeguarding national security and promoting sustainable development in Guyana. By investing
in technology, training, and international cooperation, Guyana can enhance its ability to detect,
prevent, and respond to cyber threats effectively. As the country continues to embrace digital
transformation and economic growth, prioritizing cybersecurity must remain a top priority to
ensure resilience, stability, and prosperity in the face of evolving cyber threats.
Promoting Public Awareness and Education on National Security
Public awareness and education play a crucial role in building a resilient society capable
of identifying and responding to security threats. In Guyana, efforts to promote public
awareness and education on national security have been limited, exacerbating vulnerabilities to
various risks. A study by the Guyana Police Force found that a significant portion of the
population lacks basic knowledge about security protocols and emergency procedures (Guyana
Police Force, 2019). To address this gap, Guyana should prioritize initiatives aimed at
educating the public about security risks, emergency preparedness, and the role of citizens in
maintaining national security. This could involve developing educational campaigns,
conducting community workshops, and integrating security awareness programs into school
curricula. By empowering citizens with knowledge and skills, Guyana can foster a culture of
vigilance and resilience that enhances overall national security.
Strengthening Border Security and Maritime Surveillance
As a coastal state, Guyana faces unique security challenges related to border control
and maritime surveillance. The country’s extensive coastline and porous borders make it
susceptible to illegal activities such as drug trafficking, human smuggling, and illegal fishing.
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the Caribbean region
remains a major transit point for drug trafficking, with criminal organizations exploiting
maritime routes to transport illicit drugs (UNODC, 2021). Strengthening Guyana’s border
security and maritime surveillance capabilities is therefore essential for combating
transnational crime and safeguarding national sovereignty. This could involve investment in
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
20
patrol boats, radar systems, and surveillance technologies, as well as enhanced cooperation
with neighboring states and international maritime security organizations. By effectively
monitoring its borders and maritime territories, Guyana can disrupt illicit activities and protect
its territorial integrity
Building Resilience to Climate Change and Environmental Threats
In addition to traditional security challenges, Guyana faces growing threats from
climate change and environmental degradation. As a low-lying coastal nation, Guyana is
particularly vulnerable to sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and ecosystem disruption.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Caribbean region is
projected to experience more frequent and intense hurricanes, flooding, and droughts due to
climate change (IPCC, 2019). These environmental threats not only pose direct risks to lives
and livelihoods but also exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, such as food insecurity and human
displacement. Building resilience to climate change and environmental threats requires a
multi-faceted approach that integrates disaster preparedness, sustainable resource
management, and community-based adaptation strategies. By investing in infrastructure
resilience, promoting sustainable development practices, and enhancing disaster response
capabilities, Guyana can mitigate the impacts of climate change and safeguard the well-being of
its citizens.
Conclusion
The challenges faced by small states like Guyana in crafting a sustainable national
intelligence and geostrategic culture are multifaceted and deeply ingrained. Historical legacies
of colonialism, coupled with contemporary social and political dynamics, have created
vulnerabilities that adversaries seek to exploit. Moreover, the recent oil boom has elevated
Guyana’s strategic significance, attracting the attention of external actors and intensifying
regional competition.
However, despite these challenges, there are pathways forward for Guyana to enhance
its security resilience and assert its sovereignty. Investing in intelligence capabilities, fostering
a nuanced understanding of geopolitical dynamics, and addressing underlying social and
political tensions are critical steps towards achieving this goal. By building trust between
communities, promoting inclusivity, and forging strategic partnerships with like-minded
states, Guyana can strengthen its resilience against external threats and enhance its capacity to
withstand internal challenges.
Moreover, cultivating a sense of shared national identity and purpose is essential for
fostering unity and cohesion in the face of adversity. By prioritizing actionable nation-building
efforts that prioritize national intelligence and security culture, Guyana can chart a course
towards sustainable development and regional stability.
However, achieving these objectives will require sustained commitment and
collaboration among government, civil society, and international partners. By working
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
21
together, Guyana can navigate the complexities of the contemporary security landscape and
emerge as a stronger, more resilient nation in the global arena.
The journey towards crafting a sustainable national intelligence and geostrategic
culture is ongoing, but the stakes are high. Guyana’s ability to address these challenges will not
only determine its own security and prosperity but also contribute to the broader stability of
the region. It is therefore incumbent upon all stakeholders to seize this opportunity and chart a
course towards a safer, more secure future for Guyana and its people.
References
Al-Dakhil, A. (2016). Small states and security strategies in the Gulf. Routledge.
Asian Development Bank. (2019). Building sustainable infrastructure for a resilient future.
Asian Development Bank.
Auty, R. M. (2001). Resource abundance and economic development. Oxford University Press.
Banks, W. C. (2017). The role of intelligence in national security. Oxford University Press.
Barkley, T. (2019). The resource curse: A global perspective. Palgrave Macmillan.
Beek, J., Göpfert, M., Owen, O., & Steinberg, F. (2018). Security in the postcolonial state.
Routledge.
Beek, J., Göpfert, M., Owen, O., & Steinberg, F. (2020). Intelligence capacity building in
developing nations. Journal of Strategic Security, 13(2), 45-67.
Bhattacharjee, A. (2020). Guyana’s oil boom: Prospects and challenges. Energy Economics
Press.
Bisnauth, D. (2015). A history of religions in the Caribbean. Kingston Publishers.
Brewster, D. (2016). India’s ocean: The story of India’s bid for regional leadership. Routledge.
Brewster, D. (2021). Regional security architectures in the Indo-Pacific. Australian Journal of
International Affairs, 75(3), 234-250.
Brown, D. (2019). Geopolitics of small states in the Caribbean. Cambridge University Press.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
22
Brown, M., & Callan, T. (2016). Intelligence and the functioning of democracies. Routledge.
Bulmer-Thomas, V. (2014). The economic history of the Caribbean since the Napoleonic Wars.
Cambridge University Press.
Caribbean Community Secretariat. (2019). Regional security strategy 2019-2024. CARICOM
Secretariat.
Caribbean Development Bank. (2020). Community resilience and empowerment programs.
CDB.
Carter, N., & Larnder, D. (2020). Stakeholder engagement in environmental
governance. Environmental Policy and Governance, 30(4), 201-214.
Cecil, R., Singh, R., & Persaud, V. (2019). Transnational crime in the Caribbean basin. Journal
of Caribbean Studies, 34(1), 12-29.
Cecil, R., Singh, R., & Persaud, V. (2020). The new oil frontier: Security implications for
Guyana. Latin American Politics and Society, 62(2), 89-105.
Chaitram, S. (2018). Ethnic politics and resource governance in Guyana. Commonwealth &
Comparative Politics, 56(3), 345-363.
Choo, K. R. (2019). Cybersecurity and biometric identification: A global overview. Elsevier.
Duncan, N. (2019). Ethnic polarization and political instability in Guyana. University of the
West Indies Press.
Dunn, H. (2018). Security and development in small states. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Freedom House. (2020). Freedom in the world 2020: Guyana. Freedom House.
Gelb, A., & Grindle, M. (2010). Oil revenues and state capacity. World Bank.
Giddings, C. (2016). Postcolonial legacies in the Caribbean. Routledge.
Global Financial Integrity. (2022). Illicit financial flows from developing countries. GFI.
Global Witness. (2022). Transparency in the extractive industries. Global Witness.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
23
Goldwyn, D. L. (2022). The geopolitics of energy transformation. Atlantic Council.
Gonsalves, R. (2022). Sovereignty and security in the Caribbean. Ian Randle Publishers.
Government of Guyana. (2022). National development strategy 2022-2030. Government of
Guyana.
Granger, D. A. (2017). National security strategy for Guyana. Ministry of the Presidency.
Greenpeace. (2023). Environmental monitoring in the age of extraction. Greenpeace
International.
Guyana Police Force. (2019). Public awareness and security preparedness survey. Guyana
Police Force.
Henderson, P. (2017). Fragile states and internal security. Palgrave Macmillan.
Hinds, D. (2017). Politics and society in postcolonial Guyana. Routledge.
Huffington Post. (2019, June 10). The environmental cost of oil infrastructure. Huffington
Post.
IFC. (2022). Climate risk and adaptation in coastal communities. International Finance
Corporation.
ILO. (2018). Global employment trends for youth 2018. International Labour Organization.
IMF. (2020). Guyana: Article IV consultation. International Monetary Fund.
Inter-American Development Bank. (2022). Infrastructure for development in Latin America
and the Caribbean. IDB.
INTERPOL. (2021). Global initiatives against transnational crime. INTERPOL.
IPCC. (2019). Special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
ITU. (2020). Global cybersecurity index 2020. International Telecommunication Union.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
24
Jackson, R. (2018). Predatory states and small state vulnerability. Georgetown University
Press.
Jackson, R. (2021). The new scramble for Caribbean resources. Oxford University Press.
Jenik, A., & West, S. (2018). Maritime security in the Caribbean Sea. Naval War College Press.
Katz, M. (2020). Territorial disputes in South America. Brookings Institution Press.
Kempadoo, O. (2019). Postcolonial Guyana: A historical perspective. Ian Randle Publishers.
Keohane, R. O. (2019). Power and interdependence in the South American region. Princeton
University Press.
Koerner, L. (2021). Ethnicity and politics in contemporary Guyana. Routledge.
KPMG. (2021). Guyana’s economic outlook 2021. KPMG International.
Lall, R. (2023). Oil wealth and interethnic competition in Guyana. Studies in Comparative
International Development, 58(1), 78-95.
Lindo, C. (2019). CARICOM and regional security integration. University of the West Indies
Press.
Molina, A. (2018). Cybersecurity for critical national infrastructure. MIT Press.
Nte, N. D., Oluka, N. I., & Featherstone, C. R. (2022). The political economy of oil in Guyana.
Novena University Press.
Nugent, P. (2019). The resilience of small states: Case studies from Europe and Asia. Palgrave
Macmillan.
OECD. (2019). Foreign direct investment and security risks. OECD Publishing.
Open Government Partnership. (2019). The role of transparency in natural resource
management. OGP.
Oxfam. (2018). Community-driven development in resource-rich countries. Oxfam
International.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
25
Payne, A. (2014). The political history of the Caribbean. Oxford University Press.
Perez, J. (2020). Technology and innovation in border security. Security Studies Press.
Reuters. (2021, November 15). Guyana’s oil boom brings social change. Reuters.
Roberts, T. (2018). Political fragmentation and security in small states. Cambridge University
Press.
Ryder, G. (2018). Sustainable practices in the oil and gas industry. Routledge.
Singh, J. (2019). The postcolonial state in the Caribbean. University of the West Indies Press.
Singh, J. (2021). Navigating security challenges in the Caribbean. Routledge.
Smith, M. (2008). Colonialism and its aftermath in Guyana. Palgrave Macmillan.
Smith, M. (2010). The vulnerability of small states. Routledge.
Smith, M. (2018). Security dilemmas of small island states. Routledge.
Smith, M. (2020). Geopolitics of oil in the Caribbean basin. Energy Press.
Smith, M. (2022). Global competition for Guyana’s oil. Geopolitical Press.
Sobers-Grannum, R. (2016). Ethnicity and national identity in Guyana. Ian Randle
Publishers.
Sobers-Grannum, R. (2018). Building trust for national security in divided societies. Journal of
Caribbean Studies, 32(4), 112-128.
Talley, I. (2021). The Venezuela-Guyana border dispute. Wilson Center Press.
The Economist. (2017, August 5). The curse of oil. The Economist.
The Guardian. (2022, March 22). Inequality in the wake of an oil boom. The Guardian.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
26
The Independent. (2021, July 10). The risks of rapid infrastructure development. The
Independent.
The New York Times. (2019, September 18). Social tensions in a booming economy. The New
York Times.
Transparency International. (2021). Corruption perceptions index 2021. Transparency
International.
U.S. Department of State. (2021). Caribbean Basin Security Initiative. U.S. Department of
State.
UNDP. (2020). Human development report 2020: Guyana. United Nations Development
Programme.
UNEP. (2021). Environmental impacts of oil extraction. United Nations Environment
Programme.
UNESCO. (2017). Education for sustainable development. United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization.
UNESCO. (2021). Youth empowerment and education. United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization.
UNICEF. (2019). Children and security in the Caribbean. United Nations Children’s Fund.
UNICEF. (2021). Social equity and human development in Guyana. United Nations Children’s
Fund.
United Nations. (2018). The role of multilateralism in global security. United Nations.
United Nations. (2021). Sustainable infrastructure for the SDGs. United Nations.
UNODC. (2021). World drug report 2021. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
UN Women. (2020). Gender-based violence in insecure contexts. UN Women.
Ward, K. (2020). External influences on small state sovereignty. Routledge.
Ngboawaji Daniel Nte, Clairmont Roger Featherstone (2026). https://doi.org/10.21789/22561498.2203
27
World Bank. (2021). Education and skills for the modern economy. World Bank.
World Bank. (2022). Guyana’s economic prospects 2022. World Bank.
World Bank. (2023). World development report 2023: Infrastructure. World Bank.
World Economic Forum. (2018). The global competitiveness report 2018. World Economic
Forum.
World Economic Forum. (2020). The global competitiveness report 2020. World Economic
Forum.
WWF. (2020). Marine biodiversity and oil spills. World Wide Fund for Nature.